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An ocular prosthesis or artificial eye (a type of Craniofacial prosthesis) replaces an absent natural eye following an Enucleation, evisceration, or orbital exenteration. The prosthetic eye fits over an orbital implant and under the eyelids. Typically known as a glass eye, the ocular prosthesis roughly takes the shape of a convex shell and is made of medical grade plastic acrylic. A few ocular prosthetics today are made of cryolite glass. A variant of the ocular prosthesis is a very thin hard shell known as a scleral shell which can be worn over a damaged eye. Makers of ocular prosthetics are known as ocularists. An ocular prosthetic does not provide vision; this would be a visual prosthetic. Someone with an ocular prosthetic is totally blind on the affected side and has monocular (one sided) vision which affects depth perception.
The earliest known evidence of the use of ocular prosthesis is that of a woman found in Shahr-I Sokhta, Iran dating back to 2900-2800 BCE. It has a hemispherical form and a diameter of just over 2.5 cm (1 inch). It consists of very light material, probably bitumen paste. The surface of the artificial eye is covered with a thin layer of gold, engraved with a central circle (representing the iris) and gold lines patterned like sun rays. On both sides of the eye are drilled tiny holes, through which a golden thread could hold the eyeball in place. Since microscopic research has shown that the eye socket showed clear imprints of the golden thread, the eyeball must have been worn during her lifetime. In addition to this, an early Hebrew text references a woman who wore an artificial eye made of gold (Yer. Ned. 41c; comp. Yer. Sanh. 13c). Roman and Egyptian priests are known to have produced artificial eyes as early as the fifth century BCE constructed from painted clay attached to cloth and worn outside the socket.
The first in-socket artificial eyes were made of gold with colored enamel, later evolving into the use of glass by the Venetians in the later part of the sixteenth century. These were crude, uncomfortable, and fragile and the production methodology remained known only to Venetians until the end of the 18th century, when Paris took over as the center for artificial eye-making. But again shifted to Germany with their superior glass blowing techniques. Shortly following the introduction of the art of glass eye-making to the United States, German goods became unavailable because of WWII. As a result, the US instead made artificial eyes from acrylic plastic.
Currently, modern ocular prosthetics has expanded from simply using glass into many different types of materials.
Bid by BBC presenters to sail boat made of ice fails after ship melts When ideas are left on the drawing board, it is often with good reason.
But that didn’t stop the BBC testing out one of the craziest proposals of the Second World War...a boat made from ice and wood pulp.
Maverick inventor Geoffrey Pyke claimed his five and a half ton craft would both save on steel and be impossible to sink.
Yet a mock-up of his brainchild took on water and melted within minutes of its launch in Portsmouth harbour yesterday.
Experts said that the experiment for science show Bang Goes The Theory probably failed because the boat was too small, and so less resistant to melting, and because the water they tested in was far warmer than the Atlantic - where the invention was designed to be used.
The crew abandon ship as the ice vessel begins to capsize as the ice quickly began to melt
In the event of steel stocks running out in the 1940s inventor Geoffrey Pyke suggested it was possible to make an unsinkable aircraft carrier using a material called Pykrete, made of both ice and wood pulp.
The bizarre mixture could be moulded into any shape and, with a slow melting rate, it was thought perfect for seafaring vessels.
The BBC decided to put Pyke's theory to the test by mixing 5,000 litres of water with the hefty material hemp and freezing it in a 20 feet-long boat-shaped mould.
It took three weeks to freeze it in one of the UK's largest ice warehouses, in Tilbury, Essex, before it was ready for launch in Gosport, Hants.
The team made it in to Portsmouth Harbour where they were saluted by members of the navy stationed on destroyer HMS Diamond.
But shortly after that, after just over an hour in the water, it began to take on water and capsized.
Four BBC presenters, who had hoped to make it all the way to Cowes on the Isle of Wight, had to abandon ship and swim to rescue craft.
Lynette Slight, of the BBC science show, said: ‘They had just got out of the marina when it began to sink.
The BBC decided to put Pyke's theory to the test by mixing 5,000 litres of water with hemp and freezing it in a 20 feet-long boat-shaped mould
It was all a little bit strange. I don’t think they realised what would happen. In the end it just tipped upside down. It was taking on too much water at the back and the engine became too low.’
Jon Edwards at the Royal Society of Chemistry said 'It’s hardly a surprise that the boat sank – the temperature in the Solent is probably a fair bit higher than the middle of the Atlantic, where Pyke designed his material to be used.
'He also used enormous cooling units to keep the pykrete in his tests below zero degrees centigrade. If they didn’t use those refrigerators, the intrepid ice-sailors from Bang never stood a chance.'
He added: 'The size of the boat may have added to their problems, too. A huge aircraft carrier, as Pyke envisioned, would have been more resistant to melting – a larger surface area of ice requires a lot more energy to start melting, so the non-surface ice stays cooler for longer.
'A 1000-ton test boat, built out of normal ice on a lake in the Rockies, lasted a whole summer.'
And an Institute of Physics spokesperson said: 'The surface to volume ratio will have been the key to success.
'If too much of the surface of the ice was exposed directly to the water, or if the volume of ice set to melt was not calculated accurately enough, then unfortunately it was always doomed to failure.'
The plan was to sail the boat, complete with outboard, to Cowes in the Isle of Wight with the show's presenters, Jem Stansfield, Liz Bonnin, Dallas Campbell and Dr Yan Wong, on board.
The Ice Boat is readied for action at Gosport Marina, Hants before it began to go wrong
All four presenters had to be rescued from the water and the boat, which seemed to melt beyond recognition in no time at all, had to be towed to shore.
Lynette Slight, production coordinator of the show, said: 'They had just got out of the marina when it began to sink.
'It was all a little bit strange. I don't think they realised what was going to happen. In the end it just tipped upside down.
'It was taking on too much water at the back and the engine became too low. They thought they could get it to Cowes - they couldn't, but you never know until you try it.'
Giles Harrison, director of the show, blamed the failure on a fault, which meant water poured into the vessel sooner than expected.
He said: 'There are a couple of reasons why we did it. There was the proposal in the Second World War, when they were running low on steel to use ice with wood pulp in it.
'It was an idea taken quite seriously, until the war ended and it was forgotten. We were essentially using that concept to see how composite materials work.
'We did anticipate that something would go wrong but we hoped to get further out than we did.
'I think we've proved that Pykrete works but it is unstable.'
Bang Goes The Theory is on BBC1 at 7.30pm on Wednesday evenings. The ice boat stunt will appear on October 13.
Source : BBC News
Learn How to Flirt With a Pretty Shy Girl Advice On Flirting With Women In 3 Simple Steps
Tips Flirting is very important in every Guy life. Or it's not that important? Anyway, today you will learn how to flirt in a very hilarious way. Here is Harrison Fjord Guide to Flirting by James Gallichio.
Flirting's a language - and just like with any other language, no one's born a fluent flirt. If you want to know how to flirt like a pro, you've got to learn the signs. Follow these flirt tips and practice till you're an expert flirt.
Mattress-makers have given sales figures a bounce by inventing a specially designed bed to help randy lovers.
The love mattress includes special straps and handles for couples to hang on to when passions are rising high, reports CEN.
Further down the bed, which costs £1,200, is a carefully designed trench where men can place their knees for extra traction and grip.
The bed's inventors have included specially strong springs in the mattress's make-up, so even the laziest lovers can put extra snap into their performance.
The bed is being launched by Italian makers Sogniflex, whose boss Paolo Tonelli said: "There are studies which show that about 70 per cent of men and women say they are unsatisfied with their love-making or have some kind of performance problem.
"I wanted to invent something that could really help them, because most beds are designed for sleeping, not for making love."
Source : Orange News
It was during festivities to commemorate the opening of the new JR Nada station. The railway (around 100 meters long) was build in parallel with the Hanshin railway next to Iwaya park and people (mainly parents with their children) were taking ride on it. The locomotive was really tiny
I did try (using google) to find some information for the smallest functional steam locomotive but all I found were some toy locomotives and I definitely couldn’t find anything for this Japanese steam engine. So who knows – may be after all I did find the world smallest functional (cable to transport people) steam engine/locomotive.
Unfortunately I couldn’t find and any information for the crew who assembled and maintained the small locomotive and its railway.
Source :- Chottomatte
Smoking a cigar is a great experience. It can enrich meals and wine or simply help you unwind from a long, trying day. What can enhance this already enjoyable experience is smoking a cigars that you made yourself. Seem daunting? Well, it's not at all. With a little practice you'll be able to make a perfect cigar and take pride the next time you light up.
Cigar factory, and factories in the Dominican Republic, probably more than in Germany's small breweries. Each village has a small shop selling cigars, and therefore there are people who twist these cigars. Of course, there are major production, such as Famous Brand Arturo Fuente produced at a plant in Santiago, in the north. Travel agencies organize trips to the nearest factory and "their" shops, but we decided not to go through the simple and visited a small factory in very good shop in Santo Domingo.
1:- Shred your tobacco. You can use a variety of methods to do this including scissors, a sharp knife or a grinder. Try to keep the tobacco uniform in size.
2:- Spread your tobacco on a clean, flat surface, and and very lightly mist with water. Use only clean, filtered water. Don't use water straight from the tap and do not oversaturate as this can ruin your cigar.
3:- Lay the binder leaf on a flat, clean surface and begin sprinkling the shredded tobacco. Be careful of how much you add. If you over stuff the cigar it can easily rip or be too hard to smoke, while too little will create an uneven cigar that is unsatisfying.
4:- Wrap the binding leaf closed and check for a consistent density. This will tell you if you need more or less filler, and if it is distributed evenly throughout the cigar. Gently start squeezing it at one end between your thumb and index finger and work your way down to the other end.
5:- Seal the binder. You'll need to use a specific kind of glue, such as bermacol powder that you mix with water. Run a light coat of glue along one edge of the binder leaf and gently press against the rest of the cigar.
6:- Add a wrapper leaf around the binder and seal in the same fashion as in Step 5. This wrapper is both for appearances and to add flavor to the cigar.
See More Images How To Make Cigar :- Fishki
Russian Artist Paints Pictures With Her Breasts (NSFW VIDEO)
Russian artist Viktoria has developed a new technique to painting that could theoretically titillate those who criticize her country's contemporary arts scene as stagnant: she is opting to use her breasts in lieu of brushes in her latest work.
Based in St. Petersburg, Viktoria says her method -- which involves dipping her breasts into oil and watercolor paints before pressing them to the canvas -- came to her in a dream about a year ago. Her approach, which results in a distinctive spherical design resembling flowers, has drawn praise from local art experts.
Still, she says, "it's more difficult than painting with your hands. You have to be careful you don't wipe off or damage what you've already done."
So you’re preparing your ultimate zombie-themed dinner party, and you’re stuck for a dessert. Or you’re entertaining a zombie who’s recently gone vegetarian, and is jonesing for those good old days of gray matter and the delicious taste of human brains. Whatever your reasons, you need a brainy treat that puts the “sweet” back into “sweetmeats.”
These delicious desserts were created by Jennifer at Cups and Cakes Bakery, in San Francisco, California, and she was kind enough to let us come in and record the entire process. Here’s how you, too, can create delicious bite-sized brains for you and your victi…er, guests. First up, a quick instructional video, followed by a detailed recipe.
Read More :- Orbit Books
How to Make Bacon at Home from Scratch: Baked or Smoked Methods You have got to learn how to make bacon from scratch! I recently tried this for the first time and I've got to share it with you because it turned out fantastically! If you are like me, you love bacon. The smokey, rich, salty flavor is delicious either on its own with breakfast or used to wrap grilled foods like scallops, prawns, dates or game birds. You can also cut up chunks of homemade bacon, called lardons, to lard poultry before roasting, to add flavor to stews and soups or even to augment your salads. With store bought bacon, most is thinly sliced and rather lacking in flavor. When making bacon at home from scratch you can cut it into any size or shape you want! Thick country-style slices or lardons are no problem. The uses are endless. And the flavor? Well watch out! This homemade bacon is delicious and much more bold and rich in flavor than all but the very best store brought types. Learn how to make bacon now!
Most people have not made bacon at home and consider the idea of curing meats and learning how to make bacon at home a bit scary. However, making bacon at home is actually not that hard. Here I will teach you a simple method how to make bacon, how to cure bacon and then bake or smoke it. It can then keep for a while in your fridge or even longer in your freezer. Its definitely worth the effort!
Read More :- The Fire Pit and Grilling Guru Guide
One password I use would take about 154 nonillion years for a desktop PC to crack. Reassuring.In order to access computer networks, online bank or e-mail accounts, we need a wide range of usernames and passwords.
Read More :- How Secure Is My Password
How to Make Perfect prepare Thin and Crisp French Fries McDonald's french fries are great recipe. At their best, they are everything a french fry should be: salty, crisp, light, and not greasy. Granted, you get the occasional odd franchise that lets'em sit under the heat lamp for a couple hours too long, but on the whole, I find it remarkable that the bigwigs have discovered a way to create a frozen fry that even a one armed eyeless chimp has trouble screwing up. And I know, because they've got one working the fry station at the franchise on my corner.
To be absolutely honest, I've never been able to make fries as good as theirs (shhhhh!). Sure, my thick-cut pub-style fries are super-potatoey and fantastic, and when I'm in the mood for them, my seasoned steak fries can't be beat, but for thin, super-crisp fries (I'm talking the kind that only appear in fast food restaurants and French bistros under the name frites)? I'm always better off running down to the take-out window than bothering to fry them myself at home.
Read More :- Serious Eats
Chewing gum has been around in commercial form for over a century. Even as far back at 5,000 years ago the act of chewing tree sap has been common in the americas. This instructable will show you how to make chewing gum at home using chicle without gum base and flavorings to make your own exciting gums wrapper chains.
Read More :- Instructables
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